INTERWEAVING WESTERN SCIENCE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE: “The moon needs to be added to the hydrologic cycle! Fixing this flaw would make Western science even better by using the expertise that Indigenous people have in their science,” stated Michael Blackstock, Indigenous Independent Scholar and creator of Blue Ecology, when connecting dots to Brian McNoldy’s correlation of lunar cycles and coastal flooding
Note to Reader:
Below, the article by Senior Research Associate at the University of Miami, is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. Publicati0n is timely because it provides the opportunity to connect the dots to the Blue Ecology work of British Columbia’s Michael Blackstock.
Brian McNoldy has maintained a blog on tropical Atlantic activity since 1996, then was selected as one of four hurricane experts for a New York Times blog from 2007-2010, and has been the tropical weather expert for the Washington Post’s Capital Weather Gang blog since 2012.
In January 2012, Brian took a position as a Senior Research Associate at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) to continue his career in tropical cyclone research.
MICHAEL BLACKSTOCK: Interweaving Western Science and Indigenous Knowledge
“My work related to water and reconciliation has put the spotlight on a new angle,” Michael Blackstock. “Is reconciliation just dealing with the past and acknowledging the pain and moving on, or is it something more complex than that? The complexity is that if we are asking folks to change their attitude towards water, what does that mean?”
“There is a humility component to reconciliation and that can be hard for both sides when we are building a bridge to connect each other. My question for the Western science world is this: Are you prepared and willing to change your definition of water in science? And if you are, what would the change in definition look like?”
Water Reconciliation Calls for an Attitude Change: “This is what reconciliation really gets down to when we are talking about interweaving Indigenous knowledge and Western science. No longer is it ceremonial. Is Western science prepared, for example, to add the moon to the hydrologic cycle? From the Indigenous perspective, we believe it should be there! Why is it not there when the moon affects the movement of water every day?”
To Learn More:
To read a selection of articles featuring Blue Ecology and Michael Blackstock, CLICK HERE.
This April full moon is known as the pink moon because it heralds the arrival of spring flowers.
Mark Rightmire/MediaNews Group/Orange County Register via Getty Images
BRIAN McNOLDY: This supermoon has a twist – expect flooding, but a lunar cycle is masking effects of sea level rise
A “super full moon” is coming on April 27, 2021, and coastal cities like Miami know that means one thing: a heightened risk of tidal flooding.
Exceptionally high tides are common when the moon is closest to the Earth, known as perigee, and when it’s either full or new. In the case of what’s informally known as a super full moon, it’s both full and at perigee.
But something else is going on with the way the moon orbits the Earth that people should be aware of. It’s called the lunar nodal cycle, and it’s presently hiding a looming risk that can’t be ignored.
Right now, we’re in the phase of an 18.6-year lunar cycle that lessens the moon’s influence on the oceans. The result can make it seem like the coastal flooding risk has leveled off, and that can make sea level rise less obvious.
But communities shouldn’t get complacent. Global sea level is still rising with the warming planet, and that 18.6-year cycle will soon be working against us.
Brian McNoldy is an atmospheric scientist at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science who keeps a close eye on sea level rise in Miami. Here’s what he says the reader needs to know.
This simplified chart illustrates how the lunar nodal cycle suppresses and enhances the effects of sea level rise in Miami. The basic model assumes a constant linear increase of sea level, so it doesn’t capture the expected acceleration of sea level rise. Brian McNoldy, CC BY-ND
What the moon has to do with coastal flooding
The moon’s gravitational pull is the dominant reason we have tides on Earth. More specifically, Earth rotating beneath the moon once per day and the moon orbiting around Earth once per month are the big reasons that the ocean is constantly sloshing around.
In the simplest terms, the moon’s gravitational pull creates a bulge in the ocean water that is closest to it. There’s a similar bulge on the opposite side of the planet due to inertia of the water. As Earth rotates through these bulges, high tides appear in each coastal area every 12 hours and 25 minutes. Some tides are higher than others, depending on geography.
The sun plays a role too: Earth’s rotation, as well as its elliptic orbit around the sun, generates tides that vary throughout the day and the year. But that impact is less than half of what the moon contributes.
This gravitational tug-of-war on our water was discovered nearly 450 years ago, though it’s been happening for nearly four billion years. In short, the moon has very strong control over how we experience sea level. It doesn’t affect sea level rise, but it can hide or exaggerate it.
The lunar nodes are the points where the moon’s path crosses the ecliptic, the plane of Earth’s orbit shown as the view of the sun from Earth over the span of a year. Wikimedia
So, what is the lunar nodal cycle?
To begin, Brian McNoldy says, we need to think about orbits.
Earth orbits the sun in a certain plane – it’s called the ecliptic plane. Let’s imagine that plane being level for simplicity. Now picture the moon orbiting Earth. That orbit also lies on a plane, but it’s slightly tilted, about 5 degrees relative to the ecliptic plane.
That means that the moon’s orbital plane intersects Earth’s orbital plane at two points, called nodes.
The Moon’s orbital plane precesses, or wobbles, to a maximum and minimum of +/- 5 degrees over a period of about 18.6 years. This natural cycle of orbits is called the Lunar Nodal Cycle. When the lunar plane is more closely aligned with the plane of Earth’s equator, tides on Earth are exaggerated. Conversely, when the lunar plane tilts further away from the equatorial plane, tides on Earth are muted, relatively.
The lunar nodal cycle was first formally documented in 1728 but has been known to keen astronomical observers for thousands of years.
Earth’s ecliptic and equatorial planes. NASA
What effect does that have on sea level?
The effect of the nodal cycle is gradual – it’s not anything that people would notice unless they pay ridiculously close attention to the precise movement of the moon and the tides for decades.
But when it comes to predictions of tides, dozens of astronomical factors are accounted for, including the lunar nodal cycle.
It’s worth being aware of this influence, and even taking advantage of it. During the most rapid downward phase of the lunar nodal cycle – like we’re in right now – we have a bit of a reprieve in the observed rate of sea level rise, all other things being equal.
These are the years to implement infrastructure plans to protect coastal areas against sea level rise.
Once we reach the bottom of the cycle around 2025 and start the upward phase, the lunar nodal cycle begins to contribute more and more to the perceived rate of sea level rise. During those years, the rate of sea level rise is effectively doubled in places like Miami. The impact varies from place to place since the rate of sea level rise and the details of the lunar nodal cycle’s contribution vary.
Another “super full moon” will be coming up on May 26, so like the one in April, it’s a perigean full moon. Even with the lunar nodal cycle in its current phase, cities like Miami should expect some coastal flooding.
Street flooding has become a common problem during extremely high tides in Miami Beach.
Joe Raedle/Getty Images